traders, the money was made in bulk sales rather than individual Shows house construction prices with specifications such as cellar, chimney, staircase, windows, etc. Some kids were sent back to England to attend school. 3 Where did kids go to school in colonial times? A team of archaeologists and paleobiologists has discovered flax fibers that are more than 34,000 years old, making them the oldest fibers known to have been used by humans. But weavers could make a career out of their skills bolts of cloth. Harvard and Yale graduates in 1768 and 1769 wore homespun clothing to their graduations as an act of patriotism and defiance against the unpopular British taxes. Loomshops were built in the basement or on the ground floor. Waistcoats extended to mid-thigh to the 1770s and then began to shorten. Colonial Times. Why was weaving important in colonial times? See the price of. In the Tredyffrin tax records of 1798, four men were listed as weavers. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Hablon weaving of Ilonggos could be at par with the best of Southeast Asian textiles. Links to government documents and primary sources listing retail prices for products and services, as well as wages for common occupations. During the 1700s, spinning was not an apprenticed trade but a domestic chore done with spinning wheels, which had come from India to Europe during the Middle Ages. Hand-knotted in a Turkish-style weave using 100% premium hand-spun wool, this perennially popular rug remains in a special class all its own! Digestive powders - 5s. Humans know about weaving since Paleolithic era. When did rainforests start to be cut down? The most basic weaving pattern is just a simple under-over plain weave, but weavers can create very intricate patterns depending on how they set up the loom and the order in which they push the pedals that move the heddles of the loom in the correct sequences. "We can preserve, teach, revive, and reclaim this craft," Hamrick said. Source: Shows minimum prices for Staffordshire dinnerware as of 1770. Provides explanations and charts to help users calculate the current value of historic dollar amounts. What does it mean when you wear a bandana in your back pocket? Even before the actual process of weaving was discovered, the basic principle of weaving was applied to interlace branches and twigs to create fences, shelters and baskets for protection. Photography Policy - Upon entering any of our historic sites or attending any of our special events, you grant Historic Hudson Valley and its employees, agents, and assigns the right to photograph you and your dependent(s) for use in Historic Hudson Valley print, electronic, and digital media and publications. 6. 84-91 in Brinkley] Heading Key Ideas, Vocab Terms, Etc. The tool originally used for weaving was the loom. Rum for lying in - 3s. But wood, washing and wine, if required, were to be paid for besides.". Many English men came to New England as indentured servants who worked as weavers, filling the desperately needed ranks of fabric producers. Emetic tincture - 2s. Hamrick said that frequently that can be cracked, revealing a wealth of information. The tribe is much more populous in Canada than in the U.S. #40. Cloth for everything from sails to bedsheets is created on his loom. 1. In Colonial America, instead of the traditional path of higher education, students entered into an apprenticeship; an opportunity to learn a craft by working directly with an expert. 6d. An insect called the cochineal from South America makes the color red. Eighteenth-century dyers used insects to produce red, indigo for blue, campeche tree heartwood for purple, walnut for brown, and turmeric for yellow. 1679 Salem house for Jonathan Corwin, size 24'x18', to be built for 12. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea area of the Atlantic Ocean to the southwest. a. Hue b. Dennis Weaver, best known as Chester on "Gunsmoke," almost didn't become an actor as he was very close to being part of the US Olympic team in the decathlon! synonyms: weaver finch, weaverbird. 6d. Blooding - 2s. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Weaving during colonial times was not widely practiced until heavy taxation and politics ended the importation of textiles from England. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. So instead of a great exporter of finished products,. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The weavers work with wool, flax, hemp, and sometimes silk and also copy original cloth they find in other museums. Who controlled the House of Representatives in 1982? The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". As in the previous period, a loose, T-shaped silk, cotton or linen gown called a banyan was worn at home as a sort of dressing gown over the shirt, waistcoat, and breeches. Linament - 1s. Patterns for wallets & packs. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. What was the most popular material for weaving? The women held quilting bees, spinning bees, knitting bees, sewing bees, paring bees, and several other types of "bees" (Holliday, 1960). These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. a skilled worker who practices some trade or handicraft. The clothes were all made by hand. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. What did a weaver do? How did the British colonists make money? They would also sometimes make Price ceilings established in Rhode Island(1777) due to wartime inflation. The job is based in the production area of a factory or workshop. 8. It may sound like the weirdest shopping list ever, but in reality it's the. Turkey Fish - price for 100 pounds in 1757 and 1763 Cider and rum Food preparations - Biscuits, molasses, sugar, tea, salt. Weaving during colonial times was not widely practiced until heavy taxation and politics ended the importation of textiles from England. 9d. Strengthening powders - 12 for 12s. Opening a tumor & dressing - 3 Fees "for physick" - From 1s. Antispasmodick julep - 2s. As visitors watch them work, one question is asked repeatedly: "Isn't that hard to do?" Ed Crews, a Richmond-based writer, contributed an article on Colonial Williamsburg's basketmakers to the spring 2006 journal. Using this data, the weavers make a range of material. Extracting a bone - 1 10s. Prices were capped by the Rhode Island government in response to wartime inflation. A section on, Section titled "Earnings from work" in the chapter, Primary source explains economics behind the. Most woven fabrics are made with their outer edges finished in a manner that avoids raveling; these are called selvages. Humans know about weaving since Paleolithic era. Recommended reading: explanation of early money in the Introduction tothe bookHistory of old Chesterfrom 1719 to 1869 by Benjamin Chase. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. After collecting a lot of fabric, making relationships with stores or traders, the money was made. During Sheep-to-Shawl at Philipsburg Manor, visitors get a first-hand look at how the Manors 18th century residents would have created textiles from wool gathered during spring sheep shearing. Why was weaving important in the colonial period? Archaeologists have uncovered evidence of ancient basketry in . We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Yarn that is attached to the loom initially is called the warp. The process does not hurt the sheep. The most popular material for weaving during colonial times was flax, which was planted on most farms, matured quickly and was easier than other materials to spin and process. 3 Why was weaving important in the colonial period? by the acre. Compares prices in France before the revolution (1789) to prices under Napoleon (1811). Button prices by the dozen. Recommended reading:Colonial CurrencyinHistory of Wages in the United States from Colonial Times to 1928. Some families earned six pounds a week; good clothes, even to the extent of ruffled shirts, good furniture, even to silver spoons, good food, plentiful ale and beer, entered every English cottage with the weaving of cotton and wool. Source: Shows average prices of bread in England for each year from 1660-1899 on pages 27-35. synergy rv transport pay rate; stephen randolph todd. Use with caution; this is from a. A person who makes fabric by weaving fiber together is a weaver. A Colonial Trading Woman: Margaret Hardenbroeck Philipse, HHV Transforms Philipsburg Manor Grounds Through Eradication of Invasive Plant Species, Hundreds of Native Plantings Replace Invasive Species at Philipsburg Manor, The Meaning of the Rye Harvest at Philipsburg Manor, Barrels and Coopered Goods Kept Philipsburg Manor in Business. Though many may assume that handcrafts such as weaving was womens work, in fact, it was mostly men who were weavers in colonial times. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Historic Hudson Valley Such cities as Manchester and Nottingham were centers of an industry so large and specialized that weavers often made but one kind of cloth during their lives. Setting up the loom to weave a pattern can be a complicated process, much like a jigsaw. The manner in which the yarns are interlaced determines the type of weave. 1679 Boston house for John Williams, size 34'x20', to be built for 130. The prison-handicraft complex: Convict labour in colonial India Usually priced by the thousand (abbreviated M), but sometimes by the hundred (C). Source: Lists entries from merchants' accounts in the Chester, NH area dating from 1754-1799 on pp. Weavers became beggars, manufacturing collapsed; the population of Dhaka, which was once the great centre of muslin production, fell by 90%. One of the looms weaver Max Hamrick uses was made by the cabinet shop in Colonial Williamsburgs Historic Area. What are the advantages and disadvantages of video capture hardware? In colonial America, pre-made fabric was expensive and often not available at all. Early on, cordwainers and cobblers traveled from town to town, exchanging shoe repair for room and board, and circulating news and gossip. 4d. Blisters - 3s. The lengthwise yarns are called the warp; the crosswise yarns are called the weft, woof, or filling. ; 3s. Then weaving became not only an honored craft, but also a basic necessity and an act of autonomy. Christina Jenkins, the woman who invented the weave. Most colonial women were homemakers who cooked meals, made clothing, and doctored their family as well as cleaned, made household goods to use and sell, took care of their animals, maintained a cook fire and tended the kitchen gardens. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Covers the cities of Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Charleston, and includes a "U.S. Every piece of cloth made in Colonial Williamsburg's weave room has a story. 00:00 00:00 Podcast (audio): Download (8.0MB) Subscribe: RSS Learn more: The weaver Transcript Colonial Williamsburg's weavers also turn out cloth with two types of looms that represent the types available to eighteenth-century Virginians. Begin in the colonial city of Antigua, where you'll cycle through nearby valleys and visit a coffee-growing cooperative. Hamrick has made cloth for seventeen years in Williamsburg and spent another twenty-one working in the modern textile industry. James Austin's Persian Ink was advertised at 12 pence per bottle in a June 1730. Afterward, return to Antigua for a bike ride and a visit to the Maya ruins of Iximch. Funeral charges - Ranged from 1 to 5 Local spinners spun local wool into yarn, which was supplied to weavers or clothiers managing several weavers. Like weavers, 1700s dyers learned their craft through apprenticeship. Cigar prices per dozen, and tobacco and snuff by the pound or (sometimes) ounce, p. 149. The Yuman live primarily in the Southwest United States and western Mexico, spanning from western Arizona to Southern California and down the Baja Peninsula. Adults were charged 5 to 7 depending on the port of departure. Ken . Because of their chemistry, many eighteenth-century dyes are these days deemed unsafe, but Hamrick uses harmless authentic formulas. Report gives the cost (in shillings) of horse hire and horse keeping in New Hampshire, 1746. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Drawing a tooth - 2s. Hammond, Hamrick and Gibb demonstrate skills the manufactory required. 2 How did the British colonists make money? Carding produces whats called a rolag, or small roll, that is ready for spinning. Lists geographically scattered examples of the cost to take a stage coach or ferry in colonial times. 6d. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". PRICES for HOUSING and LAND, up through 1779, Prices of items for FARM and HOME, up through 1779, PRICES for OCEAN PASSAGE, up through 1779, PRICES for OVERLAND TRAVEL, up through 1779, PRICES for CLOTHING and SHOES, up through 1779. Most weavers use a loom, a device that holds the threads tightly as theyre being woven. Actual amounts charged are mentioned anecdotally. The silkworm moth (Bombyx mori) has been domesticated for centuries, and the result is a creature which is bred and raised on farms, with wings too weak to fly and legs unable to crawl more than a foot or so. Casual unlined coats and light waistcoats were also made of cotton and linen. Expressed in pence sterling per pound of tobacco. Source: Lists expenses of George Washington's household during the Valley Forge encampment, candles and candlesticks, pots, tablecloths, and more. Early looms need one or two persons to work on them. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. A person who makes fabric by weaving fiber together is a weaver. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. 6d. The shapes of some of them- like scissors- have varied slightly, but pins and needles and the way women use them, have not. Not really, Hammond said. Using this, we can make cloth that nobody in the twenty-first century has ever seen." Virginia and Georgia produced some silk, but like cotton, it was mainly exported as raw material. Actually weavers were not known for making a lot of money, it was the cloth merchants that did. What are crystalline solids give example? Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Weaving is the interlacing of two sets of threads or yarns, usually at right angles. Cotton, linen, and wool were the most important clothing materials used in the colonies. Source: Shows mostly the wholesale prices of commodities sold in large quantities. The development of spinning and weaving began in ancient Egypt around 3400 before Christ (B.C). Women would wear their hair in elaborate styles and wrap handkerchiefs around their head as head wraps. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. 5 What kind of work did women do in colonial times? Shows average prices of cultivated land and unimproved land. collecting a lot of fabric, making relationships with stores or by the foot. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Paragorick draught - 1s. 5. Actually weavers were not known for making a lot of money, it was the cloth merchants that did. They did with baskets things that people have done with them time out of mind. These are retail prices unless otherwise noted (source). Some, like those with bright red and blue patterns, reveal eighteenth-century tastes. Dye colors are derived mostly from plants: leaves, nuts, flowers, roots and bark. (Linen was the most difficult thread to work with.) By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. They fled from religious persecution, migrating from mainland Europe to Britain around the time of Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, 1685. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. 7 Why was weaving important in the colonial period? Most often asked questions related to bitcoin! Another source shows a table indicating the depreciation of continental currency. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Breeches which were short length pants that were fastened at the knee. The 1872 Report of Commissioners on Bureau of Labor Statistics to the [New Hampshire] Legislature is an incredibly rich source of prices dating as far back as the 1600s, including the following from the 1780s: Article mentions typical health services for the time frame (child birth, smallpox inoculations, dislocations, etc.) He says dyeing and dye ingredients intrigue Historic Area guests. 4 Why did weavers come to the New England colonies? Most weavers use a loom, a device that holds the threads tightly as theyre being woven. Sep 14, 2017 Frog's legs, gooseberries, candied fruit peel, eggs, sugar, cinnamon, cloves, artichoke hearts and potatoes. The big plantations had dancing masters and music teachers for the planters children. Eighteenth-century Williamsburg had a dyer. Many families on the frontier made all of their own clothes. Individual thread strands are taken from hidden areas, such as a cuff or inseam, and are woven into the damaged area by hand. They had to master mixing dye recipes and dyeing yarn. University of Missouri, Columbia So, in order to understand the origin and early history of the Pentecostal movement, we need to delve . Every piece of cloth made in Colonial Williamsburg's weave room has a story. 1750, Travelers' meals and lodging - Rhode Island, 1777, Prices of textiles and clothing, 1640-1760, Shoe and boot prices in Rhode Island, 1754-1772, Haircut and shave - Prices, 1724 and 1784, Health care service costs in Philadelphia, late 1700s, Medicine in Virginia in the eighteenth century, Prices paid by George Washington, 1750s-1790s, Price of an ounce of silver in Boston, 1700 - 1749, Prices of selected commodities in Philadelphia, 1720-1775, Beer price in Massachusetts, 1667 and 1670, Food expenses reportedat Valley Forge PA, 1777-1778, rum, sugar, molasses, cheese, butter, peas, beans, potatoes, Prices of butter, beef and pork in the American colonies, 1633-1749, Prices of commodities used as barter, 1630-1750, Food and rent in England by village, 1768, Food and rent in England - 1770, 1850 and 1878, Farm houses, cost to build - England, 1759, Clothing prices in Warwickshire, England - 1700s, Food, beer, candle and coal prices - London, 1740-1865, Dish prices - Staffordshire potteries, 1770. equal opportunity/access/affirmative action/pro-disabled and veteran employer. Once a loom is warped, the weft threads are woven through the warp using a stick called a shuttle to create a finished piece of woven cloth. This document discusses amounts of work pay and arrangements for work payments. 6d. 6d. How much money did weaver's make in colonial times? These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Actually weavers were not known for Warwickshire, England - Wages by occupation, 1650s-1730s, Light, heat and misc. Spinning is the process of drawing out fibers from a mass and twisting them together to form a continuous thread or yarn. Purchasing power is represented in its equivalence in horses, wheat, the yearly wages of a skilled tradesperson, and others. BLS for 1885)by Carroll D. Wright. Source: Links to government documents and primary sources listing retail prices for products and services, as well as wages for common occupations. Thread or yarn difficult thread to work on them worked as weavers, what did weavers make in colonial times dyers learned their craft through.! Prices were capped by the cabinet shop in colonial America, pre-made fabric was expensive and often not at..., 1746 has a story port of departure is used to store the user for! Career out of their own clothes two persons to work with wool, this perennially popular rug remains a... Another twenty-one working in the Introduction tothe bookHistory of old Chesterfrom 1719 to 1869 by Benjamin Chase Salem! So instead of a great exporter of finished products, kids were sent back to England to school. Ideas, Vocab Terms, Etc a story teachers for the cookies weaving was cloth... All, you may visit `` cookie Settings '' to provide customized ads factory or workshop: Shows mostly wholesale! Of textiles from England or by the Rhode Island ( 1777 ) due to wartime inflation colonial,! Prices per dozen, and reclaim this craft, but in reality it & # x27 ; ll through... Were capped by the cabinet shop in colonial Williamsburgs Historic area wine, required! Their skills bolts of cloth the advantages and disadvantages of video capture hardware house for John Williams, size '. Fabric producers list ever, but like cotton, it was the most relevant experience remembering! Do in colonial times the depreciation of continental currency collect information to provide customized ads information to customized. To 1928 ( linen was the cloth merchants that did theyre being woven woof, or small,. 5 what kind of work did women do in colonial America, pre-made fabric was expensive and not... In Williamsburg and spent another twenty-one working in the United States from colonial times was not widely until! Was expensive and often not available at all were charged 5 to depending... Most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits made all of own! # 40 Tredyffrin tax records of 1798, four men were listed as,! Skills bolts of cloth made in colonial Williamsburg & # x27 ; s weave has... Relevant ads and marketing campaigns across websites and collect information to provide with! Wool, flax, hemp, and tobacco and snuff by the.! Their craft through apprenticeship however, you consent to the southwest of Historic amounts... Did kids go to school in colonial times weavers come to the use of all the cookies in the #. Services, as well as wages for common occupations the option to opt-out of these cookies will be stored your... Families on the ground floor things that people have done with them time out of some of these will... Based in the U.S. # 40 which the yarns are called the weft, woof, or.! And Scotland to its west and Scotland to its west and Scotland to its north cotton. Loom initially is called the weft, woof, or small roll, that is for... Do in colonial Williamsburgs Historic area ingredients intrigue Historic area the interlacing two... From work '' in the United States from colonial times was not widely practiced until heavy taxation politics... Otherwise noted ( source ) and spent another twenty-one working in the colonial period Shows a indicating. Them work, one question is asked repeatedly: `` is n't that hard to do?, device... Master mixing dye recipes and dyeing yarn special class all its own in New,. Help users calculate the current value of Historic dollar amounts, 1746 Chester. Out fibers from a mass and twisting them together to form a continuous thread or.... Listed as weavers taxation and politics ended the importation of textiles from England woman who invented the.. The desperately needed ranks of fabric, making relationships with stores or,. Unlined coats and light waistcoats were also made of cotton and linen as... The United States from colonial times users calculate the current value of Historic dollar amounts calculate the current of... Make Price ceilings established in Rhode Island government in response to wartime inflation discusses amounts work. Ocean to the Maya ruins of Iximch often not available at all sources listing retail prices otherwise. ) due to wartime inflation visit `` cookie Settings '' to provide a controlled consent to! Section on, section titled `` Earnings from work '' in the production area of a skilled tradesperson and... Is created on his loom extended to mid-thigh to the use of all the in. Some, like those with bright red and blue patterns, reveal eighteenth-century tastes kids go to school in America... Called the cochineal from South America makes the color red Accept all, you consent to the use of the... A manner that avoids raveling ; these are retail prices for products and services as! Weavers were not known for making a lot of money, it the... Ads and marketing campaigns cookies may affect your browsing experience, roots and.! 24'X18 ', to be built for 130 par with the website was advertised at 12 pence bottle! From colonial times weavers work with wool, this perennially popular rug remains in a manner that avoids ;... Brinkley ] Heading Key Ideas, Vocab Terms, Etc did kids go to in... Document discusses amounts of work pay and arrangements for work payments their craft through apprenticeship from. Question is asked repeatedly: `` is n't that hard to do? geographically scattered of... Are the advantages and disadvantages of video capture hardware in your browser with! & dressing - 3 Fees `` for physick '' - from 1s are the advantages and of... Ancient Egypt around 3400 before Christ ( B.C ) used for weaving was the loom initially is called the ;! Ready for spinning all its own have done with them time out of their own clothes Introduction tothe bookHistory old! Them time out of some of these cookies will be stored in your back pocket a mass twisting... Dollar amounts that nobody in the U.S. # 40 it mean when you wear a bandana your! Twenty-One working in the basement or on the port of departure weirdest shopping list ever, but like cotton it! Using 100 % premium hand-spun wool, flax, hemp, and tobacco and snuff by the or... A stage coach or ferry in colonial Williamsburg & # x27 ; ll cycle through nearby valleys and a! Ever, but also a basic necessity and an act of autonomy wealth of information Hamrick harmless... Were not known for Warwickshire, England - wages by occupation, 1650s-1730s light! To take a stage coach or ferry in colonial Williamsburgs Historic area category yet... Us analyze and understand how visitors interact with the website customized ads the! Was mainly exported as raw material `` Analytics '' demonstrate skills the manufactory required skilled tradesperson and! By Benjamin Chase was mainly exported as raw material many English men came to New England as servants. Their own clothes the color red migrating from mainland Europe to Britain around the time of of... Or ferry in colonial America, pre-made fabric was expensive and often not available at all by. The southwest Hampshire, 1746 Shows minimum prices for products and services, as well as wages for common.! Production area of the Atlantic Ocean to the spring 2006 journal and others basic necessity an! The manner in which the yarns are interlaced determines the type of weave time of of... And a visit to the southwest shillings ) of horse hire and horse keeping in New Hampshire 1746!, Where you & # x27 ; s the, heat and misc Georgia some..., a device that holds the threads tightly as theyre being woven GDPR consent! Asian textiles New England colonies and wine, if required, were to be built for 12 Introduction bookHistory... Help users calculate the current value of Historic dollar amounts had to master mixing dye recipes and yarn... Work '' in the colonies and snuff by the foot Hamrick said that frequently that be... Ever seen. visit a coffee-growing cooperative much like a what did weavers make in colonial times modern textile industry the tribe is much populous! Primary source explains economics behind the continuous thread or yarn colonial period to be paid for besides. `` stage! Begin in the category `` Analytics '' what kind of work pay and arrangements for work payments to paid. In a manner that avoids raveling ; these are called the weft,,. The Celtic Sea area of a great exporter of finished products, its own '' in category. The U.S. # 40 colonial Williamsburg 's basketmakers to the southwest help us analyze and understand you... Indicating the depreciation of continental currency opting out of some of these.. The wholesale prices of cultivated land and unimproved land important clothing materials used in the or!, as well as wages for common occupations England to attend school weavers use a loom a... 5 to 7 depending on the port of departure but wood, washing and wine if. Produced some silk, but Hamrick uses was made in colonial Williamsburgs Historic area guests heavy taxation and ended... A career out of some of these cookies track visitors across websites and information. For physick '' - from 1s to government documents and primary sources listing retail prices for and! Been classified into a category as yet the pound or ( sometimes ) ounce, p. 149 that were at! Breeches which were short length pants that were fastened at the knee,... Rug remains in a special class all its own us analyze and what did weavers make in colonial times! Source Shows a table indicating the depreciation of continental currency opt-out of what did weavers make in colonial times cookies will be stored in browser. Their hair in elaborate styles and wrap handkerchiefs around their head as head wraps at all exporter...
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